Multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform loaded with autophagy inhibitor for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy under mild near-infrared irradiation

Photothermal therapy (PTT) usually causes hyperthermia and damages healthy tissues. Developing a PTT platform with enhanced therapeutic effects and reduced side effects to normal tissues attracts increasing attention. Herein, we developed a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with near-infrared (NIR) photothermal agent (new indocyanine green IR820), fluorescence imaging agent (ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dots, QDs) and autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine, CQ). These PLGA/IR820/Fluorescence imaging agent/CQ co-loading nanoparticles (termed PIFC NPs) displayed photothermal effects, enhanced the stability of IR820 in vivo, and enabled QDs to have stable fluorescent signals in vitro and in vivo. The PIFC NPs with particle size around 240 nm aggregated to tumor sites through the high permeability and retention effects of solid tumors. The intracellular delivery of CQ molecules through PIFC NPs significantly attenuated the degradation of autophagic lysosomes in tumor cells and effectively inhibited the autophagy mediated repair of photothermal damaged cells. Under milder NIR irradiation conditions, PIFC NPs exhibited high antitumor effect. By regulating autophagy, PTT can be effectively sensitized, which will provide a new idea for future cancer treatment research.