Optimization of the NRCS Sampling at the Sea Wind Retrieval by the Airborne Rotating-Beam Scatterometer Mounted under Fuselage

The optimization of normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) sampling by a scatterometer allows an increase in the accuracy of the wind retrieval over the water surface and a decrease in the time of the measurement. Here, we investigate the possibility of improving wind vector measurement with an airborne rotating-beam scatterometer mounted under the fuselage. For this purpose, we investigated NRCS sampling at various incidence angles, and the possibility of using NRCS samples obtained during simultaneous measurement at different incidence angles to perform wind retrieval. The proposed wind algorithms are based on a geophysical model function (GMF). Sea wind retrieval was carried out using Monte Carlo simulations with consideration of a single incidence angle or combinations of several incidence angles. The incidence angles of interest were 30 degrees, 35 degrees, 40 degrees, 45 degrees, 50 degrees, 55 degrees, and 60 degrees. The simulation showed that the wind speed error decreased with an increase in the incidence angle, and the wind direction error tended to decrease with an increase in the incidence angle. The single incidence angle case is characterized by higher maximum wind retrieval errors but allows for a higher maximum altitude of the wind retrieval method's applicability to be achieved. The use of several neighboring incidence angles allows a better wind vector retrieval accuracy to be achieved. The combinations of three and four incidence angles provided the lowest maximum wind speed and direction errors in the range of the incidence angles from 45 degrees to 60 degrees but, unfortunately, provide the lowest maximum altitude of applicability of the wind retrieval method. At the same time, the combination of two incidence angles is characterized by slightly higher maximum wind retrieval errors than in the cases of three and four incidence angles, but they are lower than in the case of the single incidence angle. Moreover, the two incidence angles' combination is a simpler way to decrease the wind retrieval errors, especially for measurement near an incidence angle of 30 degrees, providing nearly the highest maximum altitude of the wind retrieval method applicability. The results obtained can be used to enhance existing airborne radars and in the development of new remote sensing systems.