Allelic variation in the Arabidopsis TNL CHS3/CSA1 immune receptor pair reveals two functional regulatory modes

Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. We defined two regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is likely mediated by effector binding to the clade 1 ID of CHS3 and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting effector modification of an associated pattern recognition receptor. We suggest that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition, while retaining its original specificity as a ‘Guard’ against perturbation of pattern recognition receptor targeting by a pathogen effector. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection. Summary We dissect a novel case where two regulatory modes emerged across three clades of the co-evolved CHS3/CSA1 plant immune receptor pairs, which features recruitment of an integrated domain (ID) into the clade 1 CHS3 alleles. Pre- and post-ID integration alleles maintain functionality; balancing selection maintains both in the Arabidopsis pan-genome. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.