Characterization of Lower and Middle Pleistocene tephra beds in the southern plains of western Canada

Wellsch Valley tephra, near Swift Current, southwestern Saskatchewan, and Galt Island tephra, near Medicine Hat, southeastern Alberta, have been referenced in the literature since the 1970s, but little is available on their physical and chemical attributes - necessary information if they are to be recognized elsewhere. This study seeks to remedy this situation. Both have a talc-alkaline rhyolitic composition with hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides being dominant. They have a similar composition but are not the same. Wellsch Valley tephra has a glass fission-track age of 0.75 +/- 0.05 Ma, a reversed magnetic polarity, and was deposited at the close of the Matuyama Chron. Gait Island tephra has an age of 0.49 +/- 0.05 Ma, a normal magnetic polarity, and was deposited during the early Brunhes Chron. Rich fossil vertebrate faunas occur in sediments close to them. Major- and trace-element concentrations in their glass shards indicate a source in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, USA, but differences in trace-element ratios suggest they are not consanguineous.