Synergistic effect of aluminum trihydrate and zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles on mechanical properties, flammability, and thermal degradation of polyester/jute fiber composite

This study focuses on the synergistic effects of hydroxide based nanoparticles namely aluminum trihydrate (ATH) and zirconium hydroxide (ZHO) on the mechanical characteristics, thermal stability, and flammability of polyester/jute composite material. Polyester/jute composites were fabricated by incorporating different concentrations of both ATH and ZHO nanoparticles (2, 3 and 4 wt%). The weight of jute fabric in all composite has been kept as 40%. The results showed a significant enhancement in tensile, flexural and impact properties of polyester/jute composite after the inclusion (3 wt%) of either type of nanoparticles. The improvement in the mechanical properties is attributed to the existence of OH interaction between ATH, ZHO, and jute fabric, which has been verified through FTIR spectroscopy. The compatibility of the nanoparticles also lead to improved interfacial bonding, which has been discussed after the scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces. An increase in the thermal stability of the composites was also observed through thermogravimetric analysis. Cone calorimetry and horizontal burning tests showed significant enhancement in the fire retardancy of the developed composites due to endothermic decomposition of ATH and ZHO nanoparticles into char layer and water molecules during combustion, contributing strong resistance to heat, oxygen and flammable gases. The synergistic effect of both ATH and ZHO particles enhances mechanical, thermal, and fire retardant properties of polyester/jute composites. Graphical abstract