Measurement and Functional Invariance of Psychological Individuation Constructs Across Cultures: Initial Evidence From Taiwan and the United States

Using cross-cultural data (n(Taiwan) = 394 and n(U.S.) = 246), we tested psychological individuation constructs for measurement and functional invariance. Scalar and partial metric invariance held for psychological independence and dysfunctional individuation, respectively. Most associations with mental illness appeared functionally invariant while most associations with substance use were U.S. specific.