Effects of moderate-intensity concurrent exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized control trial

Purpose Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis are generally physically inactive, have a high mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may benefit from an exercise program to improve CKD-induced CVD causatives. Our purpose was to examine the effects of concurrent exercise training on CVD risk factors including peak oxygen uptake ( V̇O_2peak ), C-reactive protein (CRP), asymmetric isomer of dimethylarginine (ADMA), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods We performed a 12-week randomized controlled feasibility study examining the effects of a concurrent aerobic and resistance training on the aforementioned variables. Patients (age = 50.1 ± 14 years) randomized to either exercise training group (ET) (2 day/week of aerobic training with 40–60