Social-ecological approaches to shellfish aquaculture using qualitative network models

Integrating social and ecological aspects of bivalve aquaculture in research and management processes can improve understanding of the system as a whole, and facilitate management decision-making. We created social-ecological conceptual models of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum), and Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) aquaculture in a USA estuary, which were the basis of qualitative network analysis to compare: (i) social-ecological models versus truncated ecological- and social- only models, and (ii) two geoduck models representing different stakeholder groups' perspectives on nature-based recreation and environmental stewardship. The social-ecological models predicted different results compared to individual social or ecological models, including for abundance of invertebrates, eelgrass, and marine water quality. The two alternative geoduck models predicted outcomes that varied across multiple social-ecological variables, including the availability of local harvestable food, sense of place, and abundance of invertebrates in structured habitat. Results demonstrate the interconnectedness of the social and ecological components of the aquaculture system, and how predicted outcomes can vary depending on their inclusion in the model. This study also demonstrates the value in considering a suite of models that represents a range of group perspectives to identify areas of conflict and agreement, and to recognize bias inherent in the models.