Sea bottom characteristics and geochemistry of oil and gas seeps in the Gulf of Mexico

From 2015 to 2018, TGS conducted a comprehensive multiclient oil and gas seep mapping survey in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The basis for identifying seeps on the sea bottom was a high-resolution multibeam echosounder survey, mapping approximately 880,000 km2 of the sea bottom deeper than 750 m water depth, at a bathymetric resolution of 15 m, and a backscatter resolution of 5 m. We identified more than 5000 potential oil and/or gas seeps, and of those, we cored approximately 1500 for hydrocarbon geochemical analysis. The sea bottom features best related to hydrocarbon seepage in the GOM are high backscatter features, mud volcanoes, pock marks, brine pools, "popcorn" texture, fault traces, and anticlinal crests. We also tracked gas plumes in the water column back to the sea bottom to provide an additional criterion for hydrocarbon seepage. Cores from sea bottom targets recovered liquid oil, tar, and gas hydrates. Oil extract and gas analyses of samples from most target types produced values substantially higher than background in both oil and gas.