Seasonal Variations in the Daily Mortality Associated with Exposure to Particles, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone in Stockholm, Sweden, from 2000 to 2016

Urban air pollutant emissions and concentrations vary throughout the year due to various factors, e.g., meteorological conditions and human activities. In this study, seasonal variations in daily mortality associated with increases in the concentrations of PM10 (particulate matter), PM2.5-10 (coarse particles), BC (black carbon), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), and O-3 (ozone) were calculated for Stockholm during the period from 2000 to 2016. The excess risks in daily mortality are presented in single and multi-pollutant models during the whole year and divided into four different seasons, i.e., winter (December-February), spring (March-May), summer (June-August), and autumn (September-November). The excess risks in the single-pollutant models associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase for a lag 02 during the whole year were 0.8% (95% CI: 0.1-1.4) for PM10, 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4-1.8) for PM2.5-10, 0.5% (95% CI: -0.5-1.5) for BC, -1.5% (95% CI: -0.5--2.5) for NO2, and 1.9% (95% CI: 1.0-2.9) for O-3. When divided into different seasons, the excess risks for PM10 and PM2.5-10 showed a clear pattern, with the strongest associations during spring and autumn, but with weaker associations during summer and winter, indicating increased risks associated with road dust particles during these seasons. For BC, which represents combustion-generated particles, the pattern was not very clear, but the strongest positive excess risks were found during autumn. The excess risks for NO2 were negative during all seasons, and in several cases even statistically significantly negative, indicating that NO2 in itself was not harmful at the concentrations prevailing during the measurement period (mean values < 20 mu g m(-3)). For O-3, the excess risks were statistically significantly positive during "all year " in both the single and the multi-pollutant models. The excess risks for O-3 in the single-pollutant models were also statistically significantly positive during all seasons.