Construction of chevaux-de-frise from cellulose nanocrystals to enable mechano-bactericidal activity on recycled waste cotton films

A chevaux-de-frise-like nanostructure is designed by depositing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on regenerated cellulose (RC) films, both recycled from waste cotton fabrics, with the assistance of vacuum filtration to mechanically combat bacterial attachment and proliferation. The resultant all-cellulose films display rapid and significant bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes.