Response of MCS Low-Frequency Gravity Waves to Vertical Wind Shear and Nocturnal Thermodynamic Environments

This study investigates the sensitivities of mesoscale convective system (MCS) low-frequency gravity waves to changes in the vertical wind and thermodynamic profile through idealized cloud model simulations, highlighting how internal MCS processes impact low-frequency gravity wave generation, propagation, and environmental influence. Spectral analysis is performed on the rates of latent heat release, updraft velocity, and deep-tropospheric descent ahead of the convection as a signal for vertical wavenumber n=1 wave passage. Results show that perturbations in midlevel descent up to 100 km ahead of theMCS occur at the same frequency as n=1 gravity wave generation prompted by fluctuations in latent heat release due to the cellular variations of the MCS updrafts. Within a nocturnal environment, the frequency of the cellularity of the updrafts increases, subsequently increasing the frequency of n=1 wave generation. In an environment with low-level unidirectional shear, results indicate that n=2 wave generation mechanisms and environmental influence are similar among the simulated daytime and nocturnal MCSs. When deep vertical wind shear is incorporated, many of the lowfrequency waves are strong enough to support cloud development ahead of the MCS as well as sustain and support convection.