Compressive behaviour and environmental evaluation of sludge-derived masonry walls

The Paris Agreement, with its target of net-zero emissions by 2050, has forced the concrete industry to reduce its energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore, the development of green concrete with a lower environmental impact is urgently required. In this case study, alum sludge was used as both sand and cement replacement in concrete blocks, and the compressive behaviour of concrete blocks and constructed masonry walls was first investigated. For cement replacement, the strength of blocks decreased with increasing alum sludge ash (ASA) content when the cement replacement ratio was higher than 10% by weight. These results were attributed to the fact that the filler effect and pozzolanic reaction of ASA compensated for the cement dilution effect at a moderate replacement ratio. However, the cement dilution effect dominated the mechanism with further ASA addition. For sand replacement, 10% oven-dried alum sludge addition degraded the mechanical performance of blocks significantly due to high organic content, which might hinder cement hydration. The compression behaviour of masonry walls was also influenced by alum sludge, and the testing results showed that the sludge addition increased ductility of the masonry wall but decreased the strength insignificantly. Therefore, the sludgederived blocks were suitable for masonry application. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment model was developed based on the designed sludge-derived cement supply chain in South Australia. The obtained results indicate that the annual reduced greenhouse gas emissions were around 1,3339,549 tons, which equaled to the amount of greenhouse gas released from 28,898 passenger vehicles driven for a year.