Observed and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 multimodel simulated changes in near-surface temperature properties over Ghana during the 20th century

This article investigates seasonal and annual trends of near-surface temperature (NST) during the last century (1901-2018) over Ghana. The ability of 24 global climate models (GCMs) from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to simulate abrupt mean temperature changes in Ghana from 1980 to 2014 was assessed. The trends' magnitude and abrupt changes were detected using Sen Slope Estimator (SSE) and sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) tests, respectively. Root mean square difference, correlation coefficient, and mean bias (B) were used to determine the skilfulness of GCMs in simulating NST relative to Climatic Research Unit (CRU TS4.04) datasets. Ghana's Southern belt is characterized by low temperatures, averaging 25 degrees C to 27 degrees C, whilst the northern belt is characterized by high temperatures (29-31 degrees C). The inter-annual variability of temperature over Ghana exhibits an increasing trend. Findings depict a significant increase in both the annual and seasonal temperatures of Tmin and Tmean, with a steady increase in Tmax. Results revealed the rate of increase had been higher in the country's northern regions (0.5 degrees C) than in the south (0.3-0.4 degrees C) in recent decades. The model performances for the interannual variability of annual and FMAM temperatures are better than their JJAS seasonal performances. The study's overall model ranking shows that Ghana's best performing models for annual, FMAM and JJAS seasons are INM-CM5-0, NorCPM1, and KACE-1-0-G, respectively. Observations and comparisons provide useful reference values for a comprehensive assessment of various applications.