Effects of different types of guidance on students' motivation and learning in a remote laboratory in computer science

Background and Context: During online learning, it is essential to provide instructional guidance to support learning. However, guidance can be given in different forms and quantities. Thus, one important challenge is to provide the right amount and type of instructional guidance. Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate types of guidance which are effective for students with heterogenous programming knowledge and skills solving programming tasks in a remote laboratory. Method: We carried out two studies with a single factor pre-post-design with guidance (basic/enhanced) as a between-subjects factor. Findings: In study 1, we implemented enhanced guidance in the form of prompts in the introduction to the tasks. Whereas we found no differences in learning outcome or extraneous cognitive load, students in the enhanced guidance group reported less intrinsic motivation, and logfiles revealed a lower programming performance. In study 2, we implemented enhanced guidance in the form of adaptive just-in-time explanations for error streaks. Enhanced guidance led to a lower extraneous cognitive load, and this way increased learning outcome.