Passenger exposure to aerosols on intra-European train travel

Knowledge about personal aerosol exposure in different environments is fundamental for individual and common decision-making, shaping the way we build our infrastructure or change our social behaviours. Aerosols are a leading cause of death and well-known vector for infectious diseases. Yet, passenger exposure to aerosols during long-distance train travel is surprisingly underexplored. Two small, light-weight personal monitoring instruments were employed during a train journey across Europe, to measure the fine particle (PM 2.5 ) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) passenger exposure, respectively. The journey was divided into three legs, inside three different trains, and two layovers in city environments. Highest mean concentrations of PM 2.5 and eBC were found within the oldest train type, and revealed PM 2.5 concentrations of 58.4 ± 12.7 μg m −3 and eBC of 5.4 ± 2.9 μg m −3 . The more modern the train system was, the lower the measured concentrations were to be found. In the newest tested system, the air quality was considerably better inside the train than outdoor air measured by a monitoring network, or simulated by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model ensemble analysis. The mean PM 2.5 concentration was roughly 20% lower inside the train than the outdoor air simulated by CAMS. Both the light-weight personal monitoring and the monitoring network indicate that the CAMS ensemble substantially underestimates PM 2.5 concentrations for the day of the journey. Effective ventilation and air filtration significantly decrease the passenger’s aerosol exposure, as compared to a stay in outdoor air, leading to a small statistical increase in life expectancy. If this could also reduce the risk of contagion with an infectious disease remains to be explored.