Embodied Energy and Embodied GHG of Architectural Works on Low-Cost Apartment Construction in Indonesia

The development of lower to middle-class apartments in big cities in Indonesia continues to increase due to urbanization. The increase in the growth of apartments in this class will of course directly affect the rise in building material needs for construction. This is also elevating energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research will explain how the use of materials in apartment building construction can affect embodied energy and carbon emissions. This study uses the IO table method as method for calculating embodied energy and carbon emissions. This research selects three case studies of low-cost and middle-class apartment construction in several big cities in Indonesia. The results indicate that the EE value and GHG emissions in low-cost apartments have a similar pattern. Works that use cement and concrete materials are the ones that have the biggest contribution to architectural work, such as screeding work and precast work. The volume reduction and the selection of the right construction technique such as high-intensity cement materials can be an option in reducing the value of embodied energy and carbon.