Temperature shift and feeding strategies for improving l-lactic acid production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in batch and fed-batch cultures

•Temperature shift from lower temperature in an early stage improves LAC formation.•The highest PLAC is obtained in 25–35 °C shifted at the early exponential growth (3 h).•PLAC is enhanced by feeding 20 g/L glucose at 9 h using exponent of 0.025 for feed rate.•The combined temperature shift and off-line feeding strategy improves PLAC.