Plutonium Co-precipitation with Calcite

The mobility of plutonium (Pu) in the environment is affected by Pu-mineral interactions, such as adsorption-desorption and structural incorporation. Calcite (CaCO3) is a common secondary phase in near surface environments and a major component of many rocks and soils and is expected to form as an alteration product of cement-based materials planned for use in geological repositories. The reactivity of the calcite surface and its ability to tolerate significant variations in its chemical composition through substitution of Ca for other cations make calcite a potentially important sink for environmental contaminants. Here, single crystals of calcite were synthesized from aqueous solutions in equilibrium with air containing Pu as either Pu(VI) or Pu(IV) and characterized using a combination of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These data are used to assess the amount, structure, and oxidation state of Pu co-precipitated into calcite, providing insight into the potential for Pu sequestration in calcite precipitates. Overall, the XAS and LA-ICP-MS data support the co-precipitation of plutonyl [Pu(VI/V)] in the bulk calcite, although the exact nature of the co-precipitated Pu complex is difficult to elucidate in the synthesized material. Co-precipitated plutonyl could be incorporated in either distorted Ca lattice sites or defect sites, and we provide evidence to suggest that Pu(VI) is reduced mainly to Pu(V) in the precipitated solid. LA-ICP-MS additionally shows that the co-precipitation of Pu(VI/V) is favored over the co-precipitation of Pu(BT). Overall, our results suggest that Pu sequestration in calcite under environmental conditions could immobilize Pu and isolate it from groundwater interactions in contaminated environments.