A Small Molecule Selected from a DNA-Encoded Library of Natural Products That Binds to TNF-alpha and Attenuates Inflammation In Vivo

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors have shown great success in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, to date, approved drugs targeting TNF-alpha are restricted to biological macromolecules, largely due to the difficulties in using small molecules for pharmaceutical intervention of protein-protein interactions. Herein the power of a natural product-enriched DNA-encoded library (nDEL) is exploited to identify small molecules that interfere with the protein-protein interaction between TNF-alpha and the cognate receptor. Initially, to select molecules capable of binding to TNF-alpha, "late-stage" DNA modification method is applied to construct an nDEL library consisted of 400 sterically diverse natural products and pharmaceutically active chemicals. Several natural products, including kaempferol, identified not only show direct interaction with TNF-alpha, but also lead to the blockage of TNF-alpha/TNFR1 interaction. Significantly, kaempferol attenuates the TNF-alpha signaling in cells and reduces the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetateinduced ear inflammation in mice. Structure-activity-relationship analyses demonstrate the importance of substitution groups at C-3, C-7, and C-4' of kaempferol. The nDEL hit, kaempferol, represents a novel chemical scaffold capable of specifically recognizing TNF-alpha and blocking its signal transduction, a promising starting point for the development of a small molecule TNF-alpha inhibitor for use in the clinical setting.