Evaluation of Different Standard Amino Acids to Enhance the Biomass, Lipid, Fatty Acid, and gamma-Linolenic Acid Production in Rhizomucor pusillus and Mucor circinelloides

In this study, 18 standard amino acids were tested as a single nitrogen source on biomass, total lipid, total fatty acid (TFA) production, and yield of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in Rhizomucor pusillus AUMC 11616.A and Mucor circinelloides AUMC 6696.A isolated from unusual habitats. Grown for 4 days at 28 degrees C, shaking at 150 rpm, the maximum fungal biomass for AUMC 6696.A was 14.6 +/- 0.2 g/L with arginine and 13.68 +/- 0.1 g/L with asparagine, when these amino acids were used as single nitrogen sources, while AUMC 11616.A maximum biomass was 10.73 +/- 0.8 g/L with glycine and 9.44 +/- 0.6 g/L with valine. These were significantly higher than the ammonium nitrate control (p < 0.05). The highest levels of TFA were achieved with glycine for AUMC 11616.A, 26.2 +/- 0.8% w/w of cell dry weight, and glutamic acid for AUMC 6696.A, 23.1 +/- 1.3%. The highest GLA yield was seen with proline for AUMC 11616.A, 13.4 +/- 0.6% w/w of TFA, and tryptophan for AUMC 6696.A, 12.8 +/- 0.3%, which were 38% and 25% higher than the ammonium tartrate control. The effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, fermentation time, and agitation speed on biomass, total lipids, TFA, and GLA concentration of the target strains have also been investigated. Our results demonstrated that nitrogen assimilation through amino acid metabolism, as well as the use of glucose as a carbon source and abiotic factors, are integral to increasing the oleaginicity of tested strains. Few studies have addressed the role of amino acids in fermentation media, and this study sheds light on R. pusillus and M. circinelloides as promising candidates for the potential applications of amino acids as nitrogen sources in the production of lipids.