Gaseous NO 2 induces various envelope alterations in Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a

Anthropogenic atmospheric pollution and immune response regularly expose bacteria to toxic nitrogen oxides such as NO • and NO 2 . These reactive molecules can damage a wide variety of biomolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids. Several components of the bacterial envelope are susceptible to be damaged by reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, the hydrophobic core of the membranes favors the reactivity of nitrogen oxides with other molecules, making membranes an important factor in the chemistry of nitrosative stress. Since bacteria are often exposed to endogenous or exogenous nitrogen oxides, they have acquired protection mechanisms against the deleterious effects of these molecules. By exposing bacteria to gaseous NO 2 , this work aims to analyze the physiological effects of NO 2 on the cell envelope of the airborne bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a and its potential adaptive responses. Electron microscopy showed that exposure to NO 2 leads to morphological alterations of the cell envelope. Furthermore, the proteomic profiling data revealed that these cell envelope alterations might be partly explained by modifications of the synthesis pathways of multiple cell envelope components, such as peptidoglycan, lipid A, and phospholipids. Together these results provide important insights into the potential adaptive responses to NO 2 exposure in P. fluorescens MFAF76a needing further investigations.