Mitochondrial metabolism mediated macrophage polarization in chronic lung diseases.

As the first line of defence in the lung, alveolar macrophage contributes to maintaining lung immune homoeostasis. Characterized by the heterogeneity and plasticity, macrophages polarize into two pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes regarding the biological and pathological environment. In the past decade, numerous studies have revolutionized the relationship between cellular metabolism and macrophage functions. Mitochondria dysfunctions, which results in altered cellular metabolic profile, were observed in the alveolar macrophages during chronic lung diseases. In addition, alveolar macrophages adapt metabolic reprogramming to produce an immune response against the pathogens. Here, we outline the role of mitochondria in the development of macrophage phenotypes and functions and highlight the mitochondrial dysfunction in the setting of chronic lung diseases. Lastly, we emphasize the therapeutic relevance of targeting metabolic pathways in alveolar macrophages, which may shed light on developing novel strategies against chronic lung diseases.