One Kairomone and Multiple Effects in Daphnia Species-5 alpha-Cyprinol Sulfate Induces Morphological Defenses in the Invasive Species Daphnia lumholtzi

Recently, the first chemical cues, which induce defenses in freshwater zooplankton of the genus Daphnia have been identified. Still it is unknown how general these so-called kairomones are and if they are perceived by and thereby benefitting invasive species. We here report the chemical identity of the fish-derived chemical signal that induces morphological defensive structures in the invasive species Daphnia lumholtzi. We used bioassay-guided isolation (LC-MS) of incubation water of fish and identified the bile salt 5 alpha-cyprinol sulfate (5 alpha-CPS) as the kairomone. We confirmed this finding by bioassays, in which D. lumholtzi was exposed to purified 5 alpha-CPS sulfate from fish bile and showed that 10 pM 5 alpha-CPS induces significantly elongated helmets and spines in relation to body length. These results identify on one hand another Daphnia species besides Daphnia magna, which is responding to this particular fish-borne kairomone, and on the other hand they reveal another defense that the kairomone induces besides diel vertical migration (DVM). Taken together a high evolutionary conservancy of the molecular mechanism behind inducible defenses in Daphnia spp. against fish can be deduced. It is reasonable to expect that 5 alpha-CPS is involved in further predator-prey communication between Daphnia and fish, which may be of special ecological relevance with regard to invasive species as D. lumholtzi.