A Cryo-CMOS Low-Power Semi-Autonomous Qubit State Controller in 14nm FinFET Technology

Error-corrected quantum computing is expected to require at least 10 ⁵ to 10 ⁶ physical qubits. Superconducting transmons, which are promising qubit candidates for scaled quantum computing systems, typically require individually tailored RF pulses in the 4-to-6 GHz range to manipulate their states, so scaling to 10 ⁶ qubits presents an enormous challenge. Providing a control line for every qubit from room temperature (RT) to the 10mK environment does not appear to be viable for a 10 ⁶ qubit system due to multiple factors, including RF loss, mechanical congestion, heat load, and connector unreliability. TDM cannot be used to reduce the number of control lines since all of the qubits may need to be activated at once (e.g., during quantum error correction (QEC) cycles). FDM has been proposed but is undesirable because extra tones can give rise to unwanted qubit excitations.