Menopause

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation, caused by ovarian failure. It can only be diagnosed a year after the last menstrual period, and is therefore a retrospective event. This chapter covers the signs, investigations, and treatments available for menopause, including Hormone Replacement Therapy, alternatives, modes of delivery, and non-hormonal alternative options. Abnormal bleeding and sexual dysfunction at the menopause are also explained. It also covers premature ovarian insufficiency, and causes and treatments for this disorder.