Supplementary material to "Measurement Report: Optical properties and sources of water-soluble brown carbon in Tianjin, North China: insights from organic molecular compositions"

Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols exert vital impacts on climate change and atmospheric photochemistry due to their light absorption in the wavelength range from near-ultraviolet (UV) to visible light. However, the optical properties and formation mechanisms of ambient BrC remain poorly understood, limiting the estimation of their radiative forcing. In the present study, fine particles (PM2.5) were collectedduring 2016-2017 on a day/night basis over urban Tianjin, a megacity in northern China. Light absorption and fluorescence properties of water extracts of PM2.5 were investigated to obtain seasonal and diurnal patterns of atmospheric water-soluble BrC. There were obvious seasonal, but no evidentdiurnal, variations in the light absorption properties of BrC. In winter, BrC showed much stronger light-absorbing ability, with a mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE(365)) in winter (1.54 +/- 0.33 m(2) gC(-1)) that was 1.8 times larger than MAE(365) in summer (0.84 +/- 0.22 m(2) gC(-1)). Direct radiative effects by BrC absorption relative to black carbon in the UV range were 54.3 +/- 16.9 % and 44.6 +/- 13.9 % in winter and summer, respectively. In addition, five fluorescent components in BrC, including three humic-like fluorophores and two protein-like fluorophores were identified with excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectrometry and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. The less oxygenated components contributed more to winter and nighttime samples, while more oxygenated components increased in summer and daytime samples. The higher humification index (HIX), together with lower biological index (BIX) and fluorescence index (FI), suggests that the chemical compositions of BrC were associated with a high aromaticity degree in summer and daytime due to photobleaching. Fluorescent properties indicate that wintertime BrC were predominantly affected by primary emissions and freshsecondary organic aerosol (SOA), while summer ones were more influenced by aging processes. Results of source apportionments using organic molecular compositions of the same set of aerosols reveal that fossil fuel combustion and aging processes, primary bioaerosol emission, biomass burning, andbiogenic and anthropogenic SOA formation were the main sources of BrC. Biomass burning contributed much more to BrC in winter and at nighttime, while biogenic SOA contributed more in summer and during the daytime. In particular, our study highlights that primary bioaerosol emission is an important source of BrC in urban Tianjin in summer.