Folliculogenesis in Cattle

The ovaries play roles relevant to the reproductive system, in which the exocrine (or gametogenic) function carries out the maturation and release of the oocyte for fertilization and the endocrine (or steroidogenic) function effects the synthesis and secretion of hormones and growth factors. In addition, there is an interaction between endocrine, autocrine and paracrine factors, acting in association with the follicular and oocyte development process during the female's reproductive life. The cortex, the outermost portion of the ovary, represents the functional region where the ovarian follicles and luteal structures are located, at different stages of development and/or atresia. The medullary region is located more internally, in most species, and its main function is to nourish and support the ovary. Despite the numerous follicular population present in the ovaries, established during fetal life, almost all follicles found in the ovarian reserve pool, i.e., 99.9%, do not reach ovulation. These follicles undergo a process of cell death known as follicular atresia, making the ovary a low-productivity organ. The elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate folliculogenesis, including the atresia process, is important for the better use of follicles in improving the reproductive efficiency of production animals.