Gut Microbiota and Obesity: Focus on Hormone Regulation and Appetite Control

The prevalence of obesity has continued to rise worldwide over the past decade. Chronic and excessive intake of unhealthy diets can alter the gut microbiota composition. This altered gut microbiota affects gut hormone secretion through their metabolites. Microbiota-mediated gut hormone levels can affect the host appetite. Probiotic strains, which are known for their beneficial functions, are associated with the improvement of gut microbiota and body weight control. This review provides detailed mechanisms of microbiota-mediated gut hormone secretion which is closely related to food intake and fat accumulation. Results show that gut dysbiosis negatively influences the sensitivity of leptin and insulin in hypothalamic neurons as well as gut hormone secretion. It can cause excessive energy intake and storage. Probiotics intervention improves intestinal microflora balance and ameliorates appetite-regulating hormonal activities, thereby preventing excessive food intake and obesity. The therapeutic efficacy of probiotic strains on obesity through appetite control would provide new insights into the prevention and control of obesity.