Impact of Elevation-Dependent Warming on Runoff Changes in the Headwater Region of Urumqi River Basin

Warming in mountainous areas has obvious elevation dependence (warming rate increases with elevation), which deeply impacts runoff change in mountainous areas. This study analysed the influence of elevation-dependent warming on runoff in the headwater region of the Urumqi River Basin (URB) based on meteorological data, remote sensing images, and runoff data. Results indicated a significant warming rate in the URB from 1960 to 2019 (0.362 degrees C/decade; p < 0.01). The temperature increased with an obvious elevation-dependent warming in the URB, especially during winter. Glaciers sharply retreated in the headwater region of the URB under regional warming, and remote-based results showed that glacier areas decreased by 29.45 km(2) (-57.81%) from the 1960s to 2017. The response of glacier mass balance and meltwater runoff to temperature change has a lag of 3 years in the headwater region of the URB. The elevation-dependent warming of temperature changes significantly impacted glacial meltwater runoff in the URB (R-2 = 0.49). Rising temperatures altered the glacial meltwater runoff, and the maximum annual runoff of the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 meltwater runoff increased 78.6% in 1990-2017 compared to 1960-1990. During the period of 1960-1996, the total glacial meltwater runoff amounted to 26.9 x 10(8) m(3), accounting for 33.4% of the total runoff during this period, whereas the total glacial meltwater runoff accounted for 51.1% of the total runoff in 1996-2006. Therefore, these results provide a useful reference for exploring runoff changes in mountainous watersheds in the context of elevation-dependent warming.