A Smart Cross-System Framework for Joint Allocation and Scheduling With Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Service

The growing popularity and penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) bring in challenges and opportunities to the power grid. They represent a huge aggregate electricity consumption from the city power grid, while it is possible to make use of their batteries for supporting vehicle-to-grid (V2G) regulation service. Besides, there is a need to coordinate a collection of EVs in an intelligent manner through the smart transportation system in a smart city. In this paper, we propose a novel smart cross-system framework to support V2G regulation service in a smart city. Specifically, by considering electric buses (EBs) as a particular group of EVs with large battery packs installed and predictable operation schedules, we jointly solve the problems of EB allocation and scheduling with V2G regulation service. First of all, by using the deep learning approach, the short-term city traffic conditions can be predicted via the gated recurrent units (GRUs) neural network. With the predicted traffic conditions, we then formulate the EB allocation and V2G scheduling as a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem. In order to solve this problem effectively, we utilize the Lagrangian dual decomposition method to decouple the main problem into subproblems for EBs and devise a distributed algorithm to solve each subproblem. The simulation results show that our proposed approach is effective in EB allocation and V2G scheduling for the regulation service. Through efficient EB routing strategies under accurate predicted traffic conditions, the power fluctuations of the city power grid can be well flatten by providing the V2G regulation service.