Experimental study of a wet mix shotcrete for primary tunnel linings—Part II: Shrinkage, creep, thermal and hygral behavior of shotcrete

Part II of the study of a wet mix shotcrete focuses on creep and shrinkage as well as on the thermal and hygral behavior. It deals with the time-dependent mechanical behavior due autogenous shrinkage, combined autogenous and drying shrinkage, and basic creep and combined basic and drying creep for moderate and high levels of sustained compressive stress, applied at different shotcrete ages. Furthermore, the evolution of the temperature due to hydration and the degree of hydration, the evolution of the porosity and the water content of sealed specimens, and the desorption isotherm are determined, providing additional material data for shotcrete models.