Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande

Super-Kamiokande Collaboration, :,L. N. Machado,K. Abe,Y. Hayato,K. Hiraide,K. Ieki,M. Ikeda,J. Kameda,Y. Kanemura, R. Kaneshima,Y. Kashiwagi,Y. Kataoka,S. Miki,S. Mine,M. Miura,S. Moriyama,Y. Nakano,M. Nakahata,S. Nakayama,Y. Noguchi,K. Okamoto,K. Sato,H. Sekiya,H. Shiba,K. Shimizu,M. Shiozawa,Y. Sonoda,Y. Suzuki,A. Takeda,Y. Takemoto,A. Takenaka,H. Tanaka,S. Watanabe,T. Yano,P. de Perio,K. Martens,M. R. Vagins,J. Bian,N. J. Griskevich,W. R. Kropp,S. Locke,M. B. Smy,H. W. Sobel,V. Takhistov,A. Yankelevich,S. Han,T. Kajita,K. Okumura,T. Tashiro,T. Tomiya,X. Wang,J. Xia,S. Yoshida,G. D. Megias,P. Fernandez,L. Labarga,N. Ospina,B. Zaldivar,B. W. Pointon,R. Akutsu,V. Gousy-Leblanc,M. Hartz,A. Konaka,N. W. Prouse,E. Kearns,J. L. Raaf,L. Wan,T. Wester,J. Hill,J. Y. Kim,I. T. Lim,R. G. Park,B. Bodur,K. Scholberg,C. W. Walter,L. Bernard,A. Coffani,O. Drapier,S. El Hedri,A. Giampaolo,Th. A. Mueller,A. D. Santos,P. Paganini,B. Quilain,T. Ishizuka,T. Nakamura,J. S. Jang,J. G. Learned,S. Cao,K. Choi,L. H. V. Anthony,D. Martin,M. Scott,A. A. Sztuc,Y. Uchida,V. Berardi,M. G. Catanesi,E. Radicioni,N. F. Calabria,G. De Rosa,G. Collazuol,F. Iacob,M. Lamoureux,M. Mattiazzi,L. Ludovici,M. Gonin,G. Pronost, C. Fujisawa,Y. Maekawa,Y. Nishimura,R. Sasaki,M. Friend,T. Hasegawa,T. Ishida,M. Jakkapu,T. Kobayashi,T. Matsubara,T. Nakadaira,K. Nakamura,Y. Oyama,K. Sakashita,T. Sekiguchi,T. Tsukamoto,T. Boschi,F. Di Lodovico,J. Gao,A. Goldsack,T. Katori,J. Migenda,M. Taani,S. Zsoldos, Y. Kotsar,H. Ozaki,A. T. Suzuki,Y. Takeuchi, S. Yaamoto,C. Bronner,J. Feng,T. Kikawa,M. Mori,T. Nakaya,R. A. Wendell,K. Yasutome,S. J. Jenkins,N. McCauley,P. Mehta,K. M. Tsui,Y. Fukuda,Y. Itow,H. Menjo,K. Ninomiya,J. Lagoda,S. M. Lakshmi,M. Mandal,P. Mijakowski,Y. S. Prabhu,J. Zalipska,M. Jia,J. Jiang,C. K. Jung,M. J. Wilking,C. Yanagisawa,M. Harada,H. Ishino,S. Ito,H. Kitagawa,Y. Koshio,W. Ma,F. Nakanishi,S. Sakai,G. Barr,D. Barrow,L. Cook,S. Samani,D. Wark,F. Nova,J. Y. Yang,M. Malek,J. M. McElwee, O. Stone,M. D. Thiesse,L. F. Thompson,H. Okazawa,S. B. Kim,J. W. Seo,I. Yu,A. K. Ichikawa, K. D. Nakamura,S. Tairafune,K. Nishijima,K. Iwamoto,K. Nakagiri,Y. Nakajima,N. Taniuchi,M. Yokoyama,S. Izumiyama,M. Kuze,M. Inomoto,M. Ishitsuka,H. Ito,T. Kinoshita,R. Matsumoto, Y. Ommura,N. Shigeta,M. Shinoki,T. Suganuma,M. Yonenaga,J. F. Martin,H. A. Tanaka,T. Towstego,S. Chen,B. D. Xu,B. Zhang,M. Posiadala-Zezula,D. Hadley,M. Nicholson,M. O'Flaherty,B. Richards,A. Ali,B. Jamieson,Ll. Marti,A. Minamino,G. Pintaudi,S. Sano,S. Suzuki,K. Wada

Proceedings of The 22nd International Workshop on Neutrinos from Accelerators — PoS(NuFact2021)(2022)

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摘要
In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to 9 hr in advance of the core collapse itself.
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pre-supernova,super-kamiokande
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