Novel integrated workflow allows production and in-depth quality assessment of multifactorial reprogrammed skeletal muscle cells from human stem cells

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering aims at generating biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve normal muscle function; however, the quality of cells produced by current protocols remains insufficient. Here, we developed a multifactor-based protocol that combines adenovector (AdV)-mediated MYOD expression, small molecule inhibitor and growth factor treatment, and electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) to efficiently reprogram different types of human-derived multipotent stem cells into physiologically functional skeletal muscle cells (SMCs). The protocol was complemented through a novel in silico workflow that allows for in-depth estimation and potentially optimization of the quality of generated muscle tissue, based on the transcriptomes of transdifferentiated cells. We additionally patch-clamped phenotypic SMCs to associate their bioelectrical characteristics with their transcriptome reprogramming. Overall, we set up a comprehensive and dynamic approach at the nexus of viral vector-based technology, bioinformatics, and electrophysiology that facilitates production of high-quality skeletal muscle cells and can guide iterative cycles to improve myo-differentiation protocols.