Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Significance of Subclinical Seizures in Focal Epilepsy: A Retrospective Study

Introduction The aim was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of subclinical seizures (SCSs) on scalp video-electroencephalogram (VEEG) monitoring with or without intracranial electroencephalogram (IEEG) monitoring in patients who had epilepsy surgery. Methods We reviewed 286 epileptic patients who underwent subsequent epilepsy surgery during scalp-VEEG evaluation with or without IEEG monitoring between 2013 and 2020, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of SCSs, as well as their prognostic significance, were analyzed. Results A total of 286 patients were enrolled for analysis, and 80 patients had IEEG implanted. SCSs were recorded in 9.79% of the patients based on VEEG and 50% based on IEEG. In the VEEG group ( n = 286), younger seizure onset ( P = 0.004) was associated with the presence of s-SCSs (SCSs detected on scalp VEEG). In the IEEG group ( n = 80), temporal lobe epilepsy ( P = 0.015) was associated with the presence of i-SCSs (SCSs detected on IEEG). Of 286 patients, 208 (72.73%) were seizure-free in the VEEG group, and 56 0f 80 patients (70%) were seizure-free in the IEEG group through the last follow-up. In the VEEG group, the presence of s-SCSs did not affect seizure outcome; predictors of seizure recurrence were longer epilepsy duration ( P = 0.003, OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.001–1.005), history of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure ( P = 0.027, OR 1.665, 95% CI 1.060–2.613), nonspecific pathology ( P = 0.018, OR 2.184, 95% CI 1.145–4.163), and incomplete resection ( P = 0.004, OR 2.705, 95% CI 1.372–5.332). In the IEEG group, i-SCSs were significantly associated with seizure outcome ( P = 0.028, OR 0.371, 95% CI 0.153–0.898). Conclusion The rate of SCSs captured on IEEG monitoring was higher than that on VEEG monitoring during presurgical evaluation. SCSs detected on VEEG monitoring were associated with younger seizure onset. SCSs detected on IEEG monitoring were associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and also predicted surgical outcomes in focal epilepsy.