Bi-objective optimization for road vertical alignment design

This manuscript defines a bi-objective optimization model to finds road profiles that optimize the road construction cost and the vehicle operating costs, specifically the fuel consumption. The research implements and validates the formula for the fuel consumption cost. It further presents and examines a variety of well-known methods: three classical scalarization techniques (the ɛ-constraint method, weighted sum method, and weighted metric methods) and two evolutionary methods (NSGA-II and FP-NSGA-II). Moreover, to accelerate the performance of the chosen scalarization approaches, a warm start strategy is proposed.