Novel SLC12A1 mutations cause Bartter syndrome in two patients with different prognoses

Background Bartter syndrome is an inherited renal tubular disorder that is characterized by hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in which the primary defect is a deficiency of transporters involved in sodium chloride reabsorption. Bartter syndrome type 1 is caused by SLC12A1 mutations. Methods The patients were from two unrelated non-consanguineous Chinese families. Both patients presented with intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery, failure to thrive, polyuria and metabolic alkalosis. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative gene. Results Exome sequencing identified three novel SLC12A1 mutations in our patients. And we found the two patients had significantly different outcomes when they were two years of age. Moreover, we identified four novel variants of SLC12A1 that were likely to be pathogenic, from our in-house database. A review of the whole-exome sequencing data of patient 1 lead to her brother being genetically diagnosed with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, which was caused by compound heterozygous SLC34A2 variations. Conclusion We reported two children from one family who were affected by different rare conditions. This study expanded the mutation spectra of the SLC12A1 and SLC34A2 genes. We showed the important role of early genetic testing for disease diagnosis and emphasized the importance of standardized treatment and management.