WIND-PVPA: Water/Ion NMR Detected PVPA to assess lipid barrier integrity in vitro through quantification of passive water- and ion transport

Water/Ion NMR Detected – Phospholipid Vesicle Permeability Assay (WIND-PVPA), is presented as a novel, straightforward and automatable method to assess lipid barrier integrity in vitro. The apparent permeability constants of water- and ions across the PVPA barriers are determined in a one-pot experiment under the influence of membrane-active guest molecules. NMR spectroscopy is used to quantify the water directly (D2O) and the ions indirectly (complexed with EDTA) as a function of time. WIND-PVPA is demonstrated using four anti-microbial peptides, to show that membrane active molecules can be differentiated by their disruptive influence on the PVPA system. The results obtained are compared with explicit molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers, AMPs, water and salt, where the motions of all individual water molecules relative to the lipid bilayer are monitored over the course of the simulations, allowing the calculation of theoretical apparent permeability constants of the corresponding single bilayer systems.