Long latency responses in tongue muscle elicited by various stimulation sites in anesthetized humans – New insights into tongue-related brainstem reflexes

•Intraoperatively, various stimulation sites elicit tongue-long latency responses.•Median nerve and cuneate fascicle stimulations evoke tongue-long latency responses.•The “somatosensory evoked tongue reflex” is a newly described tongue long latency response.•Transcranial electrical stimulation elicits tongue-long latency responses.•Direct trigeminal nerve stimulation elicits the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex.