CC group of chemokines and associated gene expression of transcription factors: Deciphering immuno-pathogenetic aspect of oral submucous fibrosis

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease with significantly increasing malignant transformation rate. To date the pathogenesis of OSMF has been considered to be associated with areca nut constituents and their action on fibroblasts. However, fibrosis is also associated with immunological factors such as chemokines. In-depth analysis of such factors is the need of the hour in OSMF to better understand the pathogenesis so that effective therapeutic strategies can be developed in the future. Materials and method: Clinically diagnosed cases of OSMF (n = 21) and healthy individuals (n = 10) were enrolled in the present study. Chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL17, CCL28, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were assessed using the chemokine bead array in conjunction with the flow cytometry, along with realtime PCR (RT-PCR). The transcription factors CREB, NF- KB and NFAT5 were also studied for their expressions. The analysis of pg/ml (picogram/milliliter) values was done by using Results: The results obtained demonstrated early phase transient increase in CXCL-11, CCL20, CXCL9, CCL3, CCL2, CXCL10 and CXCL8. However, the expression of CCL3, CXCL10 and CXCL8 was higher in the late stage as compared to the early stage. The relative gene expression of CREB, NF- KB, NFAT5 were upregulated in the late stage of OSMF when compared to normal. Conclusion: Distinctive sets of chemokine expression during the early and late stages of OSMF suggest a unique pattern of disease progression playing an important role in the pathogenesis.