Precise activity measurements of medical radionuclides using an ionization chamber: a case study with Terbium-161

Background 161 Tb draws an increasing interest in nuclear medicine for therapeutic applications. More than 99% of the emitted gamma and X-rays of 161 Tb have an energy below 100 keV. Consequently, precise activity measurement of 161 Tb becomes inaccurate with radionuclide dose calibrators when using inappropriate containers or calibration factors to account for the attenuation of this low energy radiation. To evaluate the ionization chamber response, the sample activity must be well known. This can be performed using standards traceable to the Système International de Référence, which is briefly described as well as the method to standardize the radionuclides. Methods In this study, the response of an ionization chamber using different container types and volumes was assessed using 161 Tb. The containers were filled with a standardized activity solution of 161 Tb and measured with a dedicated ionization chamber, providing an accurate response. The results were compared with standardized solutions of high-energy gamma-emitting radionuclides such as 137 Cs, 60 Co, 133 Ba and 57 Co. Results For the glass vial type with an irregular glass thickness, the 161 Tb measurements gave a deviation of 4.5% between two vials of the same type. The other glass vial types have a much more regular thickness and no discrepancy was observed in the response of the ionization chamber for these type of vials. Measurements with a plastic Eppendorf tube showed stable response, with greater sensitivity than the glass vials. Conclusion Ionization chamber measurements for low-energy gamma emitters (< 100 keV), show deviation depending on the container type used. Therefore, a careful selection of the container type must be done for activity assessment of 161 Tb using radionuclide dose calibrators. In conclusion, it was highlighted that appropriate calibration factors must be used for each container geometry when measuring 161 Tb and, more generally, for low-energy gamma emitters.