Editing the CsDMR6 gene in citrus results in resistance to the bacterial disease citrus canker

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Citrus production worldwide faces challenges from devastating bacterial diseases, including citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc). Improving citrus resistance to citrus canker and other major bacterial diseases has been a top priority in citrus biotechnology. Disabling disease susceptibility genes has emerged as a novel, promising approach to engineering disease resistance. The bottleneck for applying such an approach has been the identification of proper disease susceptibility-related genes in citrus. Here we show the first successful case of editing the CsDMR6 gene in citrus and obtaining strong resistance to citrus canker in six mutants in two citrus cultivars, ‘Duncan’ grapefruit and Carrizo citrange. Multiple types of deletions and insertions were induced in CsDMR6 , resulting in frameshift of its coding region and presumably loss of gene function. The mutation frequency in most of the mutants reached 71.8% to 98.9%. The mutants showed 71.2% to 99.8% reduction in citrus canker lesion and greater than 99.7% or 2.45 to 4.95 Log10 unit reduction in Xcc bacterial cell population. Mutants also accumulated more salicylic acid and expressed much higher levels of the NPR1 gene than the wildtype with or without Xcc inoculation, which suggests potential resistance to other diseases in these mutants. The guide RNAs for targeting CsDMR6 were selected from highly conserved regions and have 100% nucleotide identity with DMR6 homologs in important citrus species; these guide RNAs are expected to work in other important citrus species and cultivars. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors declare no conflict of interests, except that Z.D. and S.P. have submitted an application for patent (entitled Targeted editing of citrus genes for disease resistance) to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.