Photocatalysis Activation of Peroxydisulfate Over Oxygen Vacancies-Rich Mixed Metal Oxide Derived From Red Mud-Based Layered Double Hydroxide For Ciprofloxacin Degradation

•OVs-rich M−RM/MMO derived from red mud-based LDH was used as PDS activator.•The vital role of OVs in the M−RM/MMO-700/PDS/VL system was explored.•M−RM/MMO possessed excellent reusability, stability and magnetic behavior in use.•Degradation pathway of CIP was deduced by LC-MS analysis and DFT calculation.•Ecotoxicity of degradation intermediates was analyzed by QSAR method.