Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites

Herbs live in association with microbes with diverse levels of relationship. This association motivates perceptions on herb microbiome, and novel theories in herb evolution would be expanded in view of endophytes. Exploration of structurally new natural products considerably eases the detection of biologically active components, to successful progress of novel medicines. Endophytes colonize the interior tissues of various herb genera which have been demonstrated to make a lot of structurally varied secondary metabolites, which are valuable resources for pharmaceutical industries. Endophytes are any kind of microorganisms that live in an herb but may be categorized in diverse methods including functional types (endosyms, endosympaths, endopaths); taxonomic grouping, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses and their subtaxa; the herb organ that they are living in (stem, radix or seed endophytes); or their mode of transmission (horizontally or vertically). They comprise components of plant microecosystems that dwell asymptomatically and symbiotically within plant tissue systems. Certain endophytes and their specific hosts have established a unique correlation that can expressively control plant metabolites and affect the physicochemical properties of medicinal plant-based crude drugs. Endophytes exhibit an eco-friendly alternative to promote herb development and also for serving as viable supplies of new bioactive natural products. Endophyte metabolites related to different structural types including alkaloids, terpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, etc. have different therapeutic effects. These metabolites represent various medical functions including fungicidal, bactericidal, antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic, insecticidal, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, etc. Several of these natural products are used as immune-suppressant and to suppress the infectious and parasitic disorders, cancer, and hypertension.