Advances in nucleic acids-scaffolded electrical sensing of extracellular vesicle biomarkers

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as biomarkers by inheriting biomolecular information from their parental cells. They are highly heterogeneous and can reflect the status of diseases, like cancer. These features intrigue intense interest in EVs-oriented bioanalysis with different detection technologies and bioprobes for noninvasive diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in nucleic acids-mediated EVs detection approaches based on various electric signaling, such as electrochemistry, field effect transistor (FET), and biomimetic nanochannel, with a focus on electrochemical strategies. We also highlight the contribution of nucleic acids, particularly DNA self-assembly structures in analyzing EVs from extravesicular to intravesicular with high sensitivity through interface regulation. Further, we discuss the challenges of electric EVs detection strategies in clinical application and provide insights into future perspectives in this field.