Resistance of Spodoptera exigua to insecticides and mechanisms of resistance

Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) is a worldwide pest,in recent years moving from secondary to primary pest status.It has developed significant resistance to many chemical and biological control agents.In this paper,the resistance conditions of S.exigua to organophosphate,pyrethroid,carbamate and growth regulation insecticides and to Bt toxins are described,the mechanisms of resistance are discussed and tactics for managing resistance are mentioned.