Hypothalamic and Cell-Specific Transcriptomes Unravel a Dynamic Neuropil Remodeling in Leptin-Induced and Typical Pubertal Transition

Epidemiological and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown high correlation between childhood obesity and advance in puberty. Early age at menarche is associated with a series of morbidities, including breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The adipocyte hormone leptin signals the amount of fat stores to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis via direct actions in the brain. Using mouse genetics, we and others have identified the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) and the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) as the primary targets of leptin action in pubertal maturation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin’s effects remain unknown. Here we assessed changes in the PMv and Arc transcriptional program during leptin-stimulated and typical pubertal development using overlapping analysis of bulk RNAseq, TRAPseq and the published database. Our findings demonstrate that dynamic somatodendritic remodeling and extracellular space organization underlie leptin-induced and typical pubertal maturation in mice.