Dispersal of earthworms from the Rudny Altai (Kazakhstan) into Western Siberia

The aim of our study was to determine the current distribution, habitats, ecology, and possible dispersal routes of three species of the Rudny Altai (East Kazakhstan): Eisenia tracta, E. nana, and E. ventripapillata. We found that these species dispersed far beyond their original distribution into the flatland part of western Siberia (Russia) up to the central forest steppe of the Omsk oblast. E. tracta, E. nana, and E. ventripapillata were found in both floodplains and interfluvials. Hydrochory was the most plausible way of northward dispersal, while on interfluvials, they were probably introduced by humans. The studied species showed no preference for a particular habitat or river bank. The habitats were diverse and significantly different from the original ones in Rudny Altai. The factors that allowed E. tracta, E. nana, and E. ventripapillata to colonize western Siberia were probably their wide tolerance range to soil pH, temperature, density, and humidity, along with the decrease of winter soil freezing in recent decades. This is the first information about the occurrence of these species of earthworms in Siberia.