Volitional Control of Brain Motor Activity and Its Therapeutic Potential.

BACKGROUND:Neurofeedback training is a closed-loop neuromodulatory technique in which real-time feedback of brain activity and connectivity is provided to the participant for the purpose of volitional neural control. Through practice and reinforcement, such learning has been shown to facilitate measurable changes in brain function and behavior. OBJECTIVES:In this review, we examine how neurofeedback, coupled with motor imagery training, has the potential to improve or normalize motor function in neurological diseases such as Parkinson disease and chronic stroke. We will also explore neurofeedback in the context of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), discussing both noninvasive and invasive methods which have been used to power external devices (eg, robot hand orthosis or exoskeleton) in the context of motor neurorehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS:The published literature provides mounting high-quality evidence that neurofeedback and BMI control may lead to clinically relevant changes in brain function and behavior.