Multimodal prehabilitation in older adults before major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose Multimodal prehabilitation aims to prepare frail older patients for major surgery. The objective of this review is to determine the benefits of pre-operative multimodal prehabilitation compared to standard care in older patients. Methods Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL and PsychINFO. They were searched from inception to September 2021. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) with an average study population age ≥ 65 that had undergone major abdominal operation with at least two components (physical, nutritional, psychological) of prehabilitation programs were included. Results Nine RCTs were included with a total of 823 patients, of whom 705 completed the study with 358 undergoing prehabilitation and 347 were controls. Significantly lower complications were observed in the prehabilitation group compared to control (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.99; p = 0.04; I 2 = 32%). A significant increase in 6-min walking distance (6MWD) from baseline to immediately prior to surgery (mean difference 35.1 m; 95%CI 11.6–58.4; p = 0.003; I 2 = 67%) and 8 weeks post-surgery (mean difference 44.9 m; 95%CI 6.0–83.8; p = 0.02; I 2 = 75%) was noted in the prehabilitation group. No difference was observed in length of stay (OR 0.59; 95% CI − 0.23 to 1.40; p = 0.16; I 2 = 91%) or 30-day emergency department visit (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.41 to 1.26; p = 0.25; I 2 = 0%). Patient reported outcome measures were not significantly different. Conclusions Amongst older patients, multimodal prehabilitation increases peri-operative functional capacity and may potentially decrease post-operative complications. Future studies should continue to focus on older patients who are frail as this is the group that prehabilitation would likely have a clinically significant impact on.